How to Improve Your Thinking Skills

Having trouble with your thinking skills.Here are some tips to improve your thinking skills.

Steps:

1. Take some breathing exercises.The best way to breath is to take it from your belly.Many people do not know this mode of breathing.Take several slow breaths from your belly.Stomach breathing activates your brain.It helps you to improve your thinking skills and memory.
   • Deep breathing also increases the oxygen flow to your brain cells.As a result they become more active.
2. Studies also have shown that Chewing gum also can help you improve you thinking skills.The act of chewing gum increases the flow of blood to your brain.People chewing gum are able to concentrate better and remember new information better.It is good to use sugar free gum to avoid any side effects.
3. You can also try arm circles.It is good to go to a place where no one can see you.It is enough to do 10-15 set of arm circles.To do an arm circle,just extend your arm straight out to the front.Then swing your arm all the way behind you and back to the front. Always keep your elbow blocked while performing these exercises.It will increase you heart rate which is considered good for your brain.
4. Make use of some brain games. Puzzles and brainteasers force your mind to get in active mode. The various types like crossword puzzles, Sudoku, etc can be made use of for this purpose.
5. Drink enough water.Don't go for sodas,colas or coffee.Don't eat chocolate or sweets. They'll decrease your ability to concentrate and remember things. It is said that many people are dehydrated a;; the time and don't realize it. You brain is easily affected by it.Therefore,make sure that you drink enough water.
6. Having too much food that contains fat or sugar will badly affect your thinking skills. Taking not meals can make you tired. Therefore, eat a small, balanced meal. Include foods that help the brain operate well, such as fish, vegetables, and whole grains.
7. When you are trying to study try using all the senses. The different parts of your brain remember different sense impressions. For example images are stored in one area and sounds in another.
8. When you study new information, set a timer. Allot only a specific amount of time to learn the material. You can again subdivide them. Maybe some thing like this,10 minutes to read, 20 minutes to review and 10 minute to recite. It will force you to focus because you know that you time is limited.

Tips:

• Meditation can be helpful to think better.Start with 5 minutes in the morning and five minutes before bed,every day.
• If you get better sleep you'll be able to think better.
• As said before puzzles can be really helpful.They force you to think of something very deeply.They make you brain work.They bring out all the reasoning ability in you.Try to buy a book of puzzles to have better practice.

How to Defend Yourself in a Fight at School

Sometimes, despite your best efforts, someone may try to attack you. Even without martial arts or self-defense training, you can still defend yourself.

Steps

1. Walk or run away if you can. At school, you need to yell for a teacher. Your reputation isn't worth being put in the hospital. If you are out on the street, find a busy building to get into, for you WON'T be kidnapped. But always remember that teachers will definitely always help you. If they don't, that is a problem you need to take to an administrator.
2. Try to talk them down. Don't respond to their taunts or personal attacks. Try saying something like "Okay, we are about to fight over something stupid" or "I'm sure we can work this out". Make it sound cool, but not offensive as to provoke them even more.
3. Turn to the side to make yourself a smaller target if there is no where to go or you can't get away. Do not raise your hands yet; you want to be defensive, not aggressive. Try to keep your opponent well away from you, because chances are if they get within a few feet of you, you will be attacked.
4. If they start to swing at you, raise your hands in a defensive posture. Put your leading arm (same side as your front foot) in front of your face and head, with your fist about 2 inches below your forehead. Use your other arm to cover the center of your chest and stomach.
5. Shout "NO!", "Stop!" and/or "Don't!" loudly and with a lot of force. Shouting forcefully can often stop attackers in their tracks, and they don't expect it, and may give you time to get away.
6. Dodge. Weave, duck, and bob. There's a reason boxers learn to do it. Air is more effective at taking punches than you are.
7. Try to get away again. Move around your attacker; don't let them back you into a wall or corner. If you can, back them into a corner.
8. With your back to the wall, but not touching it, you only have to worry about 180 degrees of multiple attackers. With sharp tight pivots, you can use the wall as a resting place for an attacker's face. Move, move, move!!!!
9. Resist the temptation to punch them in the face. Unless you get really lucky, all that you will do is anger your attacker and provoke them to further attack and act agressive towards you.
10. If you find yourself in a situation where you absolutely must defend yourself with physical force, the best place to attack someone is their solar plexus; a spot in the center of the torso just between the ribs. This will confuse their nerves and cause them to have difficulty breathing for a few minutes, but will have no severe or lasting effects.
11. If you find yourself in a situation where you absolutely must defend yourself -- Alternate method (should only be attempted if you have been trained to do so): Non-aggressively raise both of your hands to head level with your fists open and palms facing the aggressor. Try to talk the person who wants to fight you out of it one last time. If they make any sudden movements towards you, with your dominant hand reach past the opposing side of your head (as if you are going to grab your ear) while raising your stance with your toes. Then strike downward at a 35-45 degree angle towards the aggressor's neck with the back of your hand -Palm Open. Drop your stance and twist your shoulders into the strike to increase the power. If done correctly this will either temporarily shut down half of the assailant's body or knock them out. Do not strike with the edge of your hand! There are two reasons why doing so is a bad idea. First and foremost, striking with the edge of your hand displaces only one vertebra. It could permanently disable them and land you in jail. Second, unless you know what you are doing you will most likely break your hand while failing to hit them with enough force to render them a non-threat. After this strike, even if they are just dazed, get away. It is unlawful to continue a fight once you have a chance to escape.
12. Punching the face will probably break your hand. There are too many great soft spots that can take the fight out of most aggressors. Put your whole body weight and "english" into each strike to make it count. One is all it takes.
13. Forget about fighting fair. This step is only if you are in serious danger! Stamp on their feet, kick them in the groin (it works on women too), scratch and bite (bite with your side teeth, gnash, grind, shake), and pull their hair. Try to avoid kicking in a street fight unless you know how to correctly execute one. Don't forget the joints, especially knees (you don't have to cripple the attacker, you can kick him to the ground and run like the wind), elbows (you can't throw a punch with half your arm in a pain of sprain)and the shoulders.
14. Run! Hopefully you incapacitated them for a few seconds, which should give you enough time to sprint to safety.
15. Call your local emergency number report the assault. The sooner you call, the better your chances of your actions being reported as self-defense.
16. If you are in a fight, I would recommend a backup plan just in case things go wrong.
17. Scream and run.
18. Stomp on their feet/foot and run through the surrounding crowd.
19. Dodge all their punches.
20. Call for help from a teacher or another authority.
21. Try not to walk in places where there are drunk people walking around. Don't go down alleyways, or through gas station stores for no reason. Keep yourself safe. That's the most important thing.
22. If you are at school people usually punch to the face. This is what I like to call the "Step'n Stab".
23. Make yourself narrow.
24. Once done take your front foot in your narrow stance and step over so your face is out of their reach.(DONT STEP TO THE SIDE!)in other words,you are in a front stance or your foot is almost beside theirs but back in a safe distance.it will be in an intermediate direction like north west,southwest ect.
25. Take your fist and drive it into their solar plexus.
26. DON'T JAB, KEEP GOING!Dont jab the punch to the solar plexus,keep driving your fist in it.This works best in a wall.
27. Take your back leg and step up with your fist in their solar plexus. Now the stance should be switched with your opponent stunned.

Tips

• The most commonly thrown opening punch is the right hook, watch out for this, if you see it coming duck under it and counter.
• Easiest way to start and end a fight at the same time is left jab, left jab, right cross (unless your a lefty then it is the right right left). If they block those, try a kick to the kneecap. Then run.
• Confusion many times saves you. Blocks, full out punches, shutos, palm strikes to soft areas (neck, diaphragm, jaw, etc. mixed in with kicks to knee, outside/inside thigh, foot stomps, etc. Overwhelm him with fierce variety.
• The easiest way to defend yourself in a fight is to not be in one. Be polite and courteous, and try not to cause trouble with people that you know want to pick a fight with you. Make it very public and audible. If you can't get clear of a fight then at least you'll have witnesses to back you up in court!
• If you have to fight, try to use their own momentum against them. if they punch, try to dodge to one side and "help them on their way" with a push to the back, or a punch to the attackers ribs/ back. this should wind them and give you a chance to escape

Warnings

• Don't try to start a fight.
• Only engage in combat as a last resort.
• If using a weapon, don't let the attempting attacker get it! Actually use it!
• Remember, if you hit back at your attacker, you may be brought to court (no matter how young you are). Make sure you're aware of the laws in your area surrounding assault.
• Don't encourage your opponent to fight.
• The legal and moral definition of self-defense only extends so far. There have been numerous cases where the original attacker has won a civil or criminal case against his victim because the so-called victim used excess force. However, if your attacker verbally threatens not only your safety but your life, or if he contacts your throat, the law specifically cites that your life has been threatened, and you may use whatever force is necessary.
• Sometimes, no matter how hard you try to defuse the conflict, your attacker will keep coming; at this point it is simple - knock them out before they knock you out!
• Defend the back of your neck with your life. The parts of your brain that control breathing and pulse are in a cavity at the back of your head. If these get damaged you're down for good.

How to Save Power on a Laptop

So you want to save some juice on your laptop... find out how!

Steps

1. Be sure to make the brightness of your computer to the lowest setting that is comfortable. To do this, look for a purple "fn" button on the keyboard(usually next to the left ctrl key, sometimes the key has blue lettering instead of purple). After you've found the "fn" button, quickly search for another key with a purple or blue sun with an up or down arrow(usually on the arrow keys or on one of the F1-F12 keys). Now while holding "fn" press the button with the purple/blue sun and a down arrow.
2. Turn off all background programs that are not needed because they take up processor space which will use more battery.
3. Check that bluetooth and/or wireless adapter is off (if it's built in).
4. Be sure to eject any discs out of your CD or DVD drive if you do not need them. The disc will still be spinning inside and consumes a ton of energy.
5. If you are running very low on power, or are watching a DVD, your laptop may have a way to turn off the LED lights (Power light, hard drive activity light, etc.). Check your owners manual to see how.
6. Unplug any USB devices you are not using (iPods, Flash Drives, External USB mice, etc.). Many of these devices draw power from your USB port, up to 500 mA (about a half an Amp) and 5 volts. It adds up quickly depending on how many you have plugged in.
7. When you are not going to use your laptop for a short time, put it into standby or sleep mode. This will only leave dire essential components in the computer running such as the memory. And allow you to resume working on your computer quickly.
8. When you are not going to be using your laptop for a even longer time, put it into hibernate(Shift+Standby Button) mode. It will have the same effect as turning the computer off, but it will allow you to go back to working on your laptop just like in standby and uses little to no power from the battery.

Tips

• You can always buy extra batteries for your computer!
• The best way, though not effective for travel, is to use your power cord.

Micro economics Notes

NOTES_FOR__MICROECONOMICS

How to Be Good in Sports

If you are not THE sports person of your class and you want to improve yourself, this article is for you to read.

Steps

1. 1
   Find your favorite sport. You don't need to excell at all sports, right now your favorite one will do fine.
2. Engage yourself and decide how many time you are going to practice this sport. If you have the will you can make it, a little hard work should do the trick.
3. Join a club. Seeing other people practicing with you should give you enthousiasme to continue.
4. Join competitions. Even if you are at a low level, competition teaches you to have sports spirit and patience.
5. Try to train your resistance and speed. For those two caracteristcs help with ALL kinds of sports
6. Have fun while training, palying and enduring

Tips

• If you form a group and practice together it would be more fun
• Have encouragements from your environment
• Practice every single day!

Warnings

• Don't exhaust yourself
• Have supervision for safety
• Always obey safety conditions
• The most two important things are PRACTICE and PATIENCE

How to Build Muscle

Your body builds muscle naturally in response to strenuous activity. But if your daily routine doesn't involve challenging your muscles to grow, how do you trigger the muscle-building process? It doesn't happen overnight (as any bodybuilder can tell you) but you'll be well on your way to "bulking up" if you follow these steps consistently.

Steps

1. Develop a program. Decide which exercises you'll do on which days. Some exercises focus on a specific muscle (e.g. bicep curl) while other exercises call upon several muscles at once (e.g. squat). The important thing is to make sure each muscle gets a chance to rest for at least a full day before using it again. For example, you can do a full-body weight training routine every other day (with cardio in between, if you want) or you can alternate muscle groups (arms on Monday, legs on Tuesday, upper back and chest on Wednesday, etc.)Do Calisthenics or Compound Exercises . Push-ups, Pull-ups, Dips, Pistols, Reverse Crunches, etc. These exercises are functional and encourage your body to use primary muscle groups, secondary muscle groups, stabilizing muscles as well as your core. Add weight when these exercises get easy.
   • Muscles grow during rest, not during training. If you don't give a muscle adequate time to recover, you'll actually interfere with the muscle building process. When you lift weight, you're supposed to stress the muscle to the extent that it breaks down at the cellular level, resulting in increased protein synthesis, which produces thicker muscle fibers. This process begins 2-4 hours after the workout and lasts 24 hours (although some researchers suggest that muscles worked to exhaustion need 36-48 hours to rebuild). If you stress the muscle again before the process is complete, you'll break down the muscle fibers before they've had a chance to rebuild.
   • To build volume rather than strength, design your program around lots of repetitions (8 to 12), three to five sets, and short (30- to 90-second) rest periods between sets. Athletes looking for power and strength, on the other hand, will favor a program with reps that max out at around six and sets ranging from two to six, with a long rest period (two to five minutes) to promote better recovery between sets.
2. Practice good form. Learn how to do each exercise properly (full extension of movement, proper stance and posture, etc.) or else you'll not only reduce the effectiveness of the movement, but you'll also be increasing the risk of injury. To master each exercise, learn to do it slowly with light weight. Your form will improve with practice. Even though you might feel more accomplished when you move quickly, you're depending on momentum to do some of the work for you, instead of your muscles. Do each rep slowly, in a controlled and steady fashion. More advanced lifters are able to benefit to a significant extent through explosive repetitions, but since this also compounds the risk of injury in novice athletes, it is solely recommended for more advanced athletes.
3. Lift to fatigue. As mentioned earlier, in order to trigger the muscle building process, you need to stress the muscle. By the final rep of your final set, your muscle should be exhausted. That should be the last rep you can do with perfect form. If you start losing form before then because your muscles are too tired, you're using too much weight. If you find that you can add in one or more reps in good form, you need to add on some weight.
   
   
   • Ask someone to "spot" you, so that you can safely push your muscles to the point where they fail. Your spotter can then help you with the weight just enough so that you can complete the motion. Having a spotter for exercises like bench press is normal and expected, so don't be shy to ask someone. And if you can't find a spotter, don't lift to failure on any exercise where a dropped weight could injure you.
4. Change your eating habits. You can't build muscle unless you give your body the proper building blocks to do so (and stop giving it junk). There are also plenty of supplements which can give you energy and aid in muscle recovery and repair, but remember, they are supplements, which means they only work in conjunction with a good, consistently followed exercise regimen and a proper diet.
   
   
   • Incorporate complex carbs and protein into your diet. Focus on lean protein like egg whites and low fat yogurt, and whole grain carbs like oatmeal and whole-wheat toast. Avoid sugary, white processed foods; they interfere with your glucose levels and immune system.
   • Eat small meals throughout the day. This gives your body a steady supply of fuel to build muscle. Eating in "spurts" (2-3 large meals per day) should be avoided because it hinders muscle growth during the stretches between meals. You should eat 5 to 6 small meals a day.
   • Since creatine provides energy, take this supplement about 45 minutes before a workout. Look for products that pair creatine with carbs, as this combination increases the rate at which the creatine is absorbed by your muscles. Consuming creatine with a glass of juice will have the same effect.
   • Drink sports drinks during your workout. Look for drinks that contain carbs and protein. This combination reduces muscle damage and hastens recovery.
   • Get a carb-loaded drink or snack (1.5g of carbs for each 2.2 lbs that you weigh) within 30 minutes of your workout to stimulate an enzyme that helps the body produce glycogen.
   • Have a whey protein drink within 30 minutes of your workout to help your body repair and rebuild lean muscle tissue.
5. Change your routine every four to six weeks. As your body adapts to stress, you'll hit a plateau where the benefits of weight training will begin to diminish. The only way to prevent this from happening is to change things up, such as by increasing weight and changing exercises.

Tips

• Do cardio! Your body needs 15-30 minutes of cardio a day at least, do 15 minutes a day on your training days and at least 30 minutes a day on your recovery days. Remember that ripped does not always mean strong, it means low bodyfat. Most strong men of the world are not ripped but are actually stocky, a bodybuilder counters this by eating 5-6 planned out meals a day, if you find yourself overeating then extra cardio is a must to stay ripped and build muscle. If you do an excessive amount of cardio daily then you may be able to have a bit of breathing room and eat a bit more, if you do more than 90 minutes of cardio daily find out how many calories you are burning and consume them in excess to replace them so that your body will burn fat and not muscle.
• Eating correctly costs a lot of money. If you have a limited budget, spend your money on your needed weekly food before spending it on supplements. Creatine works for many people but is a waste if you are not eating enough of the proper food to build muscle.
• To continue building more and more muscle, increase the difficulty of your exercise routine.
• Train to complete failure. This means you should do as many repetitions as physically possible on each set. This will ensure the most muscle tearing, and allow them to grow back bigger.
• Choose a weight that will allow you to do about 8-12 reps per set.
• Always take off or reduce your intensity/volume by at least 50% every 5 weeks to avoid over training, and to keep making gains.

  Warnings

  • Many people you will encounter in a gym have misguided ideas about physiology and proper athletic programming. There's a lot of "gym mythology" floating around. Take others' suggestions with a grain of salt, and always ask for sources (like the ones provided below).
  • Know your limit for exercise. Trying to be macho and doing too much can hurt you.
  • Don't be intimidated or make assumptions when you see someone using a different amount of weight than you. James Beckett can't even lift 1kg. They may be on a program where they're doing less reps with more weight, or vice versa.

How to Train Your Dog to Hunt

Ever been waterfowl hunting without a bird dog? There is nothing quite like hunting near a lake on a frozen winter day, shooting a duck, swimming in the near freezing water to collect your prize, and swimming back to shore with duck in mouth. Let’s face it: all serious waterfowl hunters understand and appreciate the convenience and rewards of a hunting partner with four legs. With the proper training your dog will not only be able to help you successfully hunt waterfowl, it will also serve as an obedient, loving, lifelong friend. If you want to fill your hunting bags with birds and your heart with love, follow these simple steps to choose, train, and develop a first class waterfowl hunting dog. This method does not work with all dogs. It works best with Spaniels, Terriers, Pointers, and Retrievers.

Steps

1. Research the different breeds of water dogs. There are many dogs suitable for hunting waterfowl. Some of the most popular are Labrador Retrievers,Golden Retrievers and Springer Spaniels. Look into the different breeds and decide which one is best for you and your hunting adventures. You should also be mindful of the amount of care a particular breed will need. Some dogs require a lot of room to run, for example, while others are more sedentary. Choose a dog that you can provide a good home for.
2. Pick out a puppy. Although there are many adult dogs that are trained to hunt waterfowl, it is generally best to train your own puppy. Not only will a puppy allow you the time to train the dog for your hunting style, starting with a puppy will also ensure a loyal dog that is bonded and conditioned to its owner. Make sure you use a reputable breeder; you can research breeders online or at your local dog or hunting clubs.
3. Introduce the puppy to water when they are little. Instill the idea that water is good, water is fun, and playing in water is a way to earn rewards and other positive reinforcement. You can start in a small wading pool at first, and in no time your dog will be ready for the open water.
4. Teach your dog to sit and stay. Although these are basic and cliché dog commands, they serve as the foundational commands for more complex hunting demands. Use food as a way to teach sitting. Hold food over the dog’s head. Give the command to sit while simultaneously pressing gently on the dog’s hind legs. As soon as the dog sits give it a treat. Repeat this over and over. Soon your dog will sit at the first glance of a treat. Eventually, he or she will sit without requiring a treat.
5. Introduce your dog to decoys and to the scent of waterfowl. It is important that your dog quickly understand the difference between a real duck and a decoy. You can utilize waterfowl scent and dummies to train your dog. Be sure to set decoys far away from the dog before throwing the dummy so they are able to find out where the dummy is and knows the difference between a real bird and a decoy.
6. Practice daily, if possible. Make waterfowl training a fun, rewarding experience for your dog.
7. Reinforce positive behavior with positive rewards. When you attach a scent to a decoy or training device, throw it in the water, and see your dog fetch the trainer and return it to you, make sure to let your dog know what a good job it has done. There is nothing a dog wants more than to please its owner, and to establish a lifelong hunting partnership it is important to let your dog know from a young age that retrieving game is something he or she will be rewarded for.
8. Expose your dog to actual hunting situations before taking it out into the field. A dog that is trained only in theory may not perform to expectations in the field. A dog that is expected to perform around guns needs to be trained in the presence of guns. Take your waterfowl dog with you when you target practice, or set up simulated hunts in a proper shooting area. The key point is that your dog has to be prepared for actual situations if you expect it to perform like a seasoned hunter. Condition your dog prior to the hunt. You want your dog at peak performance in the field.
9. Use training dummies early and often. The more you train your dog to the scent and feel of waterfowl, the more your dog will impress you in the field. Remember, a dog’s biggest pleasure is pleasing its owner, so if you show appreciation for good behavior in practice your dog will certainly please you in hunting situations.
10. Train your dog in a boat prior to a hunt if boats are going to be used. Load it in and out, and practice retrieving dummies from the boat..#
    
    
11. Simplify the training by keeping it simple. Your basic goal is to get your dog to retrieve the bird. In your training program focus on rewarding your dog for retrieving the training dummy. It is in the natural instincts of a retriever to want to go after, retrieve, and return a shot bird. It is the job of the owner to get the dog trained to consistently and methodically do so.

Tips

• Don’t be afraid to use treats in training your dog. Again, you are trying to reinforce good deeds, and a treat means an awful lot to your faithful companion.
• Use actual hunting scenarios as much as possible in the training phase.
• In training, start out shooting away from the dog and slowly adjust until you are shooting right over the dog, so that it won't be afraid during actual hunting.
• Research waterfowl dog training on the internet or consider purchasing one of many training videos; if nothing you do seems to work, enlist the help of an experienced trainer.
• At least one person has used films with the sound of guns in them successfully to achieve this.
• JOIN A HRC (Hunting Retriever Club)In your area. Search Hrc in the google search box..These clubs are everywhere in the US

Warnings

• Dogs are animals; they are not human. Do not expect your dog to automatically understand what you want it to do. Training a dog to hunt waterfowl takes time, patience, and positive reinforcement. Don’t get mad at your dog if it doesn’t understand your commands. If your dog isn’t learning, the problem is probably you: explore as many training methods as possible, and be prepared to devote plenty of time to training.
• You can not learn to train a dog by reading or via the internet..
• You learn by doing and making mistakes...
• Most of the training is common sense something that is in short supply today..

Things You'll Need

• Dog
• Waterfowl decoys and dummies
• A lot of time
• Real birds
• Land to train on.. Shoot on
• Leash or some sort of training restraints (if training a pup)

How to Protect Yourself from a Stray Dog

When encountering an unknown dog without an owner (a "stray"), many people's first instinct is fear. However, with a little knowledge, you can feel more secure and know what to do if this happens, to you.

Steps

1. Gauge the dog's demeanor. Is it aggressive or afraid? Signs of aggression include: baring teeth, lifted tail, raised ears and hackles (the fur behind the neck, in many large breeds the hackles are very easy to see when they are lifted). Signs of fear include tucking the tail, laid back ears and also snarling or barking. Barking is a sure sign that the dog doesn't want you any closer than you already are.
2. Do not be mislead by breed stereotypes. Look for body language to understand what the dog is trying to convey. A dog's behavior is determined more by its training (or lack thereof) than its genetics.
3. Most dogs, big and small, are not aggressive and are likely to be afraid of you. The most common situation is that a dog is lost, scared, and doesn't trust you. Even if they look frightening, their first instinct will be to repel you and get away.
4. For scared dogs, back away slowly until the dog is at ease. Do not try to command them. Note your location and, if the dog is unknown to you, call animal control immediately. If you know who the dog belongs to, of course, call them first!
5. For an aggressive dog, the first priority should be to protect yourself. Do not run, as the dog will catch you and will be encouraged to bite. Many dogs instinctively know how to "take down" a runner, and the last place you want to be is on the ground. Search for something to climb onto and call for help.
6. If there is nothing that can safely remove you from an aggressive dog, you should use your arm to deflect or absorb any bites. Do not aggravate an aggressive dog by shouting at it or staring into its eyes. Eye contact is aggressive and will likely spur an attack.
7. Very few dogs will actually bite a human being, if unprovoked. Stay calm and try to keep your stance tall and confident. Walk away, if you aren't being chased, and call animal control at the first opportunity. Dogs are pack animals. When they are alone, they are not usually looking for confrontation.

Tips

• If you talk in an angry voice, this might frighten the dog and could lead to aggressiveness.
  
  
• Don't try to pet the dog.

Warnings

• If a dog ever attacks you, it is best to not let it knock you down. Stand your ground, and shield yourself. Keep the dog in front of you, and keep anything between you and the dog.
• If a dog knocks you to the ground, you should curl into a ball and cover your head and neck with your arms. Some dogs may lose interest if you "play dead."
• If you are bitten, go to a doctor ASAP and get a rabies vaccine.

How to Become a Motivational Speaker

Are you an engaging speaker who has had many interesting, rewarding experiences? Motivate yourself to motivate others and get paid for doing so.

Steps:

1. Evaluate your special "message". Consider what it is that you have to say that would be of value to others--have you experienced great adversity, or received some special education? In order to succeed as a motivational speaker, you must have something special to deliver.
2. Carve out your niche. Motivational speaking is, in many ways, a product that must be sold. Why should someone pay to hear you impart your message? Be able to articulate your unique experiences and explain exactly how you can inspire others.
3. Create an outline of your presentation. This will be used not only to provide a framework for your talk but also as a marketing piece for potential clients. Furthermore, many people are visual learners and can gain more from a visual representation than a spoken one.
4. Contact large, not-for-profit corporations and professional groups and make it clear you are available. While there is nothing wrong with directly asking for a gig, announcing your availability will let them feel privileged to work with you.
5. Contact speakers' bureaus and notify them of your availability. Some speakers' bureaus charge you to list your services, others charge nothing. Most bureaus take a percentage for acting as your agent. Search for "speakers' bureaus" on the Internet.
6. You must be willing to work for free to get your name out. Once others hear your interesting story or experience, they may want to hire you. Inform everyone you know that you are looking for organizations who want a good motivational speaker. Volunteer to speak at service clubs in your area.
7. Write and publish articles or books if possible, in order to establish yourself as an authority in your subject. You do not need to publish a book people will find in the local bookstore. Post to websites like wikiHow and submit to on-line magazines and blogs.
8. Draw up a written agreement, or contract, for all engagements. The written agreement should contain, among other matters, how the fees will be paid (e.g., cash, check, over time), how long you are expected to speak, whether you will be reimbursed for travel expenses, and the time and date. This will help to avoid any disputes at a later time.
9. Always ask for feedback every after a presentation even if you feel confident that you have nailed it. Whether you prefer that the audience fill-up a standard form or just ask them to drop you a note at a fishbowl on a side table, chances are good that you will be a better motivational speaker if you develop this habit. Positive feedback will inspire you while negative feedback will make you aspire to do better. After all, FEEDBACK is indeed the breakfast of champions.

Tips:

• Join a local Toastmasters Club. You will learn and practice everything you need to know when presenting a Motivational Speech, as well as any other type of speech.
• Proceed through a speaker certification class like the one offered through Blue Star Business Institute. Those kinds of classes pick up where Toastmasters leaves off. They teach you how to actually solidify your talk and seek out paid speaking engagements.
• Dress consistent with the perception you wish to convey. If you want to convey professionalism and success, business attire is probably best. Some motivational speakers use clothing to make a point in their presentation.
• Speak clearly and repeat your main messages at least three times.
• Keep it fun and lively. Audience participation is a great way for adults to learn, and you can do this in any number of ways. For example, one speaker handed out raisins and slowly took the audience through the life of that raisin and all that had to happen for that raisin to be in their hands. This kind of activity makes the audience feel part of the speech and facilitates learning. Remember that any activities must be relevant to the topic you are speaking on.
• Avoid using filler words like: um, uh, eh, etc. Also, try not to have an awkward pause fill your speech because you forgot what to say. This drastically decreases the power of your speech. No matter what anyone tells you, people WILL remember that pause. However, don't get nervous because of this fact. Be confident and well rehearsed.
• Keep current business cards and contact information with you at all times. A chance encounter can lead to a speaking engagement. For example, one speaker landed a job after passing a business card to a woman he met while waiting in line to order a pizza. Free and low cost business cards are available from VistaPrint.

COMPUTER

WHAT IS COMPUTER?

Computer programmable machine. The two principal characteristics of a computer are:

It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner.

• It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program).

Modern computers are electronic and digital. The actual machinery -- wires, transistors, and circuits -- is called hardware; the instructions and data are called software.

All general-purpose computers require the following hardware components:

memory : Enables a computer to store, at least temporarily, data and programs.

mass storage device : Allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of data. Common mass storage devices include disk drives and tape drives.

input device : Usually a keyboard and mouse, the input device is the conduit through which data and instructions enter a computer.

output device : A display screen, printer, or other device that lets you see what the computer has accomplished.

central processing unit (CPU): The heart of the computer, this is the component that actually executes instructions.

In addition to these components, many others make it possible for the basic components to work together efficiently. For example, every computer requires a bus that transmits data from one part of the computer to another.

Computers can be generally classified by size and power as follows, though there is considerable overlap:

personal computer : A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. In addition to the microprocessor, a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for displaying information, and a storage device for saving data.

workstation : A powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal computer, but it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor.

minicomputer : A multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously.

mainframe : A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously.

supercomputer : An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second.

What is Software?

Computer software, or just software is a general term used to describe a collection of computer programs, procedures and documentation that perform some tasks on a computer system.

The term includes:

• Application software such as word processors which perform productive tasks for users.
• Firmware which is software programmed resident to electrically programmable memory devices on board mainboards or other types of integrated hardware carriers.
• Middleware which controls and co-ordinates distributed systems.
• System software such as operating systems, which interface with hardware to provide the necessary services for application software.
• Software testing is a domain independent of development and programming. It consists of various methods to test and declare a software product fit before it can be launched for use by either an individual or a group. Many tests on functionality, performance and appearance are conducted by modern testers with various tools such as QTP, Load runner, Black box testing etc to edit a checklist of requirements against the developed code. ISTQB is a certification that is in demand for engineers who want to pursue a career in testing.
• Testware which is an umbrella term or container term for all utilities and application software that serve in combination for testing a software package but not necessarily may optionally contribute to operational purposes. As such, testware is not a standing configuration but merely a working environment for application software or subsets thereof.

Software includes websites, programs, video games, etc. that are coded by programming languages like C, C++, etc.

"Software" is sometimes used in a broader context to mean anything which is not hardware but which is used with hardware, such as film, tapes and records.

Relationship to computer hardware:

Computer software is so called to distinguish it from computer hardware, which encompasses the physical interconnections and devices required to store and execute (or run) the software. At the lowest level, software consists of a machine language specific to an individual processor. A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions that change the state of the computer from its preceding state. Software is an ordered sequence of instructions for changing the state of the computer hardware in a particular sequence. It is usually written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to natural language) than machine language. High-level languages are compiled or interpreted into machine language object code. Software may also be written in an assembly language, essentially, a mnemonic representation of a machine language using a natural language alphabet. Assembly language must be assembled into object code via an assembler.

The term "software" was first used in this sense by John W. Tukey in 1958. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all computer programs. The theory that is the basis for most modern software was first proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay Computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem.

Types of software:

Practical computer systems divide software systems into three major classes: system software, programming software and application software, although the distinction is arbitrary, and often blurred.

System software

System software helps run the computer hardware and computer system. It includes:

• device drivers,
• operating systems,
• servers,
• utilities,
• windowing systems,

The purpose of systems software is to unburden the applications programmer from the details of the particular computer complex being used, including such accessory devices as communications, printers, readers, displays, keyboards, etc. And also to partition the computer's resources such as memory and processor time in a safe and stable manner.

Programming software

Programming software usually provides tools to assist a programmer in writing computer programs, and software using different programming languages in a more convenient way. The tools include:

• compilers,
• debuggers,
• interpreters,
• linkers,
• text editors,

An Integrated development environment (IDE) is a single application that attempts to manage all these functions.

Application software

Application software allows end users to accomplish one or more specific (not directly computer development related) tasks. Typical applications include:

• industrial automation,
• business software,
• computer games,
• telecommunications, (i.e., the internet and everything that flows on it)
• databases,
• educational software,
• medical software,

What is Hardware?
computer hardware as the electronic, magnetic, and electric devices that carry out the computing functions. Hardware is the physical components of the computer like microprocessor, hard disks, RAM, and motherboard. The peripheral devices such as monitor, mouse, keyboard, printer, and speakers can also be included in the list of hardware parts.

WAP

WHAT IS WAP?
WAP stands for "WIRELESS APPLICATION PROTOCOL". WAP is a standard for mobile communication systems. WAP allows wireless/mobile devices to access and retrieve information from a number of information sources mainly from world wide web.In short we can say that WAP converts mobile phone into a mini web browser.

PARTS OF WAP ENABLED SYSYTEM:
There are three major components of a WAP-enabled communication system:
WAP-gateway
HTTP web server
WAP- device (i.e. mobile phone)

FUNCTION OF WAP:
WAP allows us:
To read internet based Email.
To send internet based Email.
Retrieve informationfrom internet.
M-commerce (mobile commerce).

LIMITATION OF WAP:
Yes, it is the size of the screen of your mobile phone that is the greatest hurdle in the way of WAP.You know very well that your mobile phone is a pocket sized device with very small screen, therefore, it is not possible to view high resolution eye catching images and heavy text at a time.WAP supports only grey scale images in ".wbmp" format.

HOW WAP WORKS?
WAP source files are located on the web server and these files are transported by using HTTP to WAP gateway.Gateway behaves as a compiler for source code and converts it into byte code and finally send it to your mobile phone via WAP.

Internet

How to use Internet

BACKGROUND

· The Internet as we know it today began around 1969 with ARPANet, a network created by the United States Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.

· Originally connecting four universities, the network allowed scientists across the country to share information and resources through their computers.

· In 1983, ARPANet decides to use TCP/IP as a standard protocol for all computers connected to the network to talk to each other.

· In 1993, the World Wide Web (www) came into being.

· World Wide Web uses hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) and hypertext links that change the way information can be organized, presented and accessed on the Internet.

WHAT IS THE INTERNET?

· The Internet also referred to as the Net, Information Superhighway, or Cyberspace, is the largest electronic network which enables computers connected to the network to share data and resources

· The Internet is not owned by any one organization but rather made up of individual networks which own their own servers (to hold the data) and routers and switches (to allow users to access the data).

WHAT IS A URL?

· Just like every house has a unique address, each web page has a unique address, called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL).

· The first part of the address indicates what protocol to use, and the second part specifies the IP address or the domain name where the resource is located.

· The remaining information identifies specific directories or files within the domain.

· You can display a web page by simply typing its URL into the address line of your web browser (a program or application that uses internet).

· The most popular domain extension is .com for commercial websites. Other extensions include .org for non-profit organizations, .edu for educational institutions, or .gov for governmental sites.

WHAT IS A HTML?

· HTML is short for Hyper Text Markup Language, the language used to write or create documents on the World Wide Web.

· HTML defines the structure and layout of a Web document by using a variety of tags and attributes.

WHAT IS A BROWSER?

· The term browser is short for Web browser, a software application used to locate and display Web pages. The most popular browser is Microsoft Internet Explorer.

THE ISP (Internet Service Provider)

· Your ISP is the gateway (or middleman) that provides connection to the Internet.

· An ISP provides cables, fiber optic, and telephone lines along which data can travel between computers.

· In Pakistan, Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation Limited (PTCL) is the biggest ISP.

OPENING THE INTERNET BROWSER

To open your browser and see all that the World Wide Web has to offer:

· Double-click the Internet Explorer Icon on your desktop

OR

· Choose Start > Programs > Internet Explorer

FEATURES OF A BROWSER WINDOW

TITLE BAR

· It displays the name of the program (Internet Explorer), and the name of the web page.

MENU BAR

· As in all windows-based programs, click a word on the menu bar to display a menu of additional program commands.

STANDARD BUTTONS

· Navigational buttons that aid in viewing, searching, saving and printing web pages.

ADDRESS BAR

· Display the current web page’s URL.

· You can also type a URL into the Address bar and press Enter/Return to view the URL.

PAGE AREA

· The portion of the window that displays web pages

LINKS BAR

· You can use it to add web pages that you visit often.

STATUS BAR

· The status bar has two uses: first it notifies you of the status of loading web pages, and second, the status bar displays the security level

VIEWING TOOLBARS

To display or hide toolbars, choose View > Toolbars and make your selection.

OTHER BROWSER CHARACTERISTICS

· To change the text size, choose View > Text Size and select an option from the submenu

· To change the default font or colors, choose Tools > Internet Options and click the Font or colors buttons on the General tab. Click OK to save the changes.

· To change all fonts and colors, choose Tools > Internet Options and click the Accessibility button. Click OK to save the changes.

Browser standard buttons

· Click the Back button to move to the previously viewed web page Or

· Click the arrow next to the icon to choose any of the previously viewed web pages.

· Refresh button is used to refresh a web page

· Home button is used to go to home page (your default web page)

· Stop button is used to cancel the action of downloading or opening a web page.

· The Search button is used to enter appropriate information and search for it.

· Click the Favorites button to display your list of favorites. You can organize, edit, delete, or view your favorite web pages

· Click History button to get a list of dates and pages viewed on those dates. Click a page and it should appear in the page area.

Other actions for Internet Web Browser include:

· SETTING THE HOME PAGE

· ADDING FAVORITES

· VIEWING A FAVORITE

· ORGANIZING FAVORITES

· SEARCHING OVER THE INTERNET

KEYWORDS

· Most recent browser versions allow you to type keywords into the Address bar, press Enter and the browser itself acts as a search engine.

INTENET EMAIL USING YAHOO

· Yahoo is a facility to open and maintain an E-Mail Account in Internet without paying additional charges.

· The cost is covered within Internet usage charges.

· Yahoo is a web site. To access Yahoo, you must have an Internet connection.

HOW TO OPEN YAHOO ACCOUNT

· Open Internet Explorer Type www.Yahoo.com (in Address Bar) and press Enter

· Click Sign UP now! After some moments, you will see terms and conditions. This is a long page. At the end of the page, click I Accept

YAHOO MAIL REGISTRATION FORM

· You will see a registration form. Follow the instructions of your trainer and fill up carefully. Do not leave any column blank.

· Make sure to remember your Username and Password as these are the two you will use in future to open your email account.

HOW TO ACCESS YAHOO ACCOUNT

· Open Internet Explorer and type www.Yahoo.com (in Address Bar) and press Enter.

· On the yahoo web page, click on Mail using your mouse.

· Type Yahoo ID or Username and Password in the specified boxes and click Sign In or press Enter

· Now click Continue (at the end of the page) that appears when you have signed in for the first time.

· Yahoo will take you to your Inbox. You will see a message from Yahoo Staff. Click Yahoo Staff

HOW TO SEE IN-COMING MAIL

· When you are given access to your Yahoo Account, you are in your Inbox. You can see the list of in-coming messages.

· To read the message, click on relevant message under the heading FROM

HOW TO PREPARE NEW MESSAGE

· To prepare new message: Click New / Compose

· Type E-Mail Address (correct and complete address of the person to whom you want to send mail).

· Click in Subject box Type Subject (Do not leave TO box and Subject box blank) Click in the main box.

· Type the message. Type your name at the end of the message

HOW TO SEND E-MAIL MESSAGE

· After preparing E-Mail message: Click Send from Toolbar above. You will have the following message:

Sent Message Confirmation

Your message has been sent to the following recipients:

emailaddress@yahoo.com

· Click OK

· You will come back to your Inbox

HOW TO SEE SENT MESSAGE

· While you are in Inbox: Click Folders Sent Messages You can also see Drafts (if you have clicked Save Draft in Compose Window).

HOW TO ATTACH A FILE WITH E-MAIL MESSAGE

· You can attach a file (available in your computer) with your E-Mail-mail message. After typing the message:

· Click Attachments and then click Browse. (Select folder .and double click the relevant file)

· Attach to Message and then click DONE

· The file will be attached with your message. Now: Click SEND.

OPEN A FILE ATTACHED TO A MESSAGE IN YOUR INBOX

· Once you open the email, click on the file name that is attached to the message.

· Click Download Attachment

· Click Open or Save to take necessary action for the concerned file.

HOW TO DELETE MESSAGE FROM INBOX

· When the Inbox is open, click in the small box on left of the message(s), which you want to delete. Now: Click Delete.

HOW TO SEE DELETED MESSAGES

· Deleted Messages are stored in Trash Can automatically. To see deleted messages:

· Click Trash Can.

HOW TO MAINTAIN ADDRESS BOOK

· You can maintain address book in Yahoo. This will save your time in typing addresses in Compose Window.

· For this: Click Addresses and Create New.

· Type particulars of the addressee carefully (you can leave some columns blank)

· Click OK In future, when you want to send E-Mail to any person from Address Book: Click Addresses, Click -on the relevant address, under the heading Mail to: Compose Window (with address typed) will open automatically. T

· To delete an address: Click Delete in front of the address (and wait for some moments) Click Delete again

HOW TO CHANGE PASSWORD

· Click Options and then Password. In relevant boxes: Type Old Password and then type New Password. Then type New Password again. You will have the following message:

PASSWORD CONFIRMATION

Your Password has been successfully changed. Please remember your new Password.

HOW TO CLOSE YAHOO

· Click x at top right comer. Internet Explorer will also be closed.

HOW TO SIGN OUT

· At top of Window, click Sign Out Message.